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Turing Programming – Part 4

Arrays, Matrices, and Core Programming Concepts

1. Arrays (1D)

An array is a collection of elements of the same type, accessed by an index.

var scores : array 1 .. 5 of int

scores(1) := 90
scores(2) := 85
scores(3) := 78
scores(4) := 92
scores(5) := 88

for i : 1 .. 5
    put "Score ", i, ":", scores(i)
end for
💡 Arrays are useful for storing multiple related values, like test scores or high scores.

2. Matrices (2D Arrays)

A matrix is an array with rows and columns (2D array).

var matrix : array 1 .. 3, 1 .. 3 of int

matrix(1,1) := 1
matrix(1,2) := 2
matrix(1,3) := 3
matrix(2,1) := 4
matrix(2,2) := 5
matrix(2,3) := 6
matrix(3,1) := 7
matrix(3,2) := 8
matrix(3,3) := 9

for i : 1 .. 3
    for j : 1 .. 3
        put matrix(i,j),
    end for
    put ""  % new line
end for
✅ Useful for grids, tables, and storing data like game boards.

3. Procedures and Functions

Functions return a value; procedures do not. They help make your code reusable.

procedure greet(name : string)
    put "Hello, ", name
end greet

function square(x : int) : int
    result := x * x
end square

greet("Alice")
put "5 squared is ", square(5)

4. Constants

Use constants for values that should not change.

const PI : real := 3.1416
put "The value of PI is ", PI

5. Enumerations (enum)

Enumerations define a set of named values.

type Color : enum {Red, Green, Blue}
var myColor : Color
myColor := Green
put myColor

6. Records (User-defined types)

Records store different data types together in one object.

type Student : record
    name : string
    age : int
    grade : int
end record

var s1 : Student
s1.name := "John"
s1.age := 16
s1.grade := 90

put s1.name, " got ", s1.grade

7. File Input/Output

Reading from and writing to files is important for saving data.

var f : int
open "scores.txt" for writing as f
put f, "90"
close f

Next Steps

⬅ Back to Part 3